Value of the serum levels of Clusterin and sphingosine 1-phosphate in assessing the prognosis of sepsis patients with acute liver injury / 临床肝胆病杂志

ObjectiveTo investigate the value of the serum levels of Clusterin and sphingosine 1-phosphate （S1P） in assessing the prognosis of sepsis patients with acute liver injury. MethodsA total of 127 sepsis patients with acute liver injury who were admitted to Lianyungang Hospital， Xuzhou Medical University， from March 2019 to May 2022 were enrolled， and according to their prognosis after 28 days of treatment， they were divided into death group with 35 patients and survival group with 92 patients. The independent-samples t test was used for comparison of continuous data between two groups， and the chi-square test was used for comparison of categorical data between groups. A pearson correlation analysis was used to investigate the correlation. The prognostic value of serum Clusterin and S1P was analyzed by receiver operating characteristic curve. ResultsThere were significant differences between the two groups in the degree of liver injury， Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation Ⅱ （APACHEⅡ） score， Sequential Organ Failure Assessment （SOFA） score， the presence or absence of acute kidney injury， prothrombin time （PT）， international normalized ratio （INR）， Child-Pugh class， and C-reactive protein （all P<0.05）. The death group had significantly lower serum levels of Clusterin and S1P than the survival group （t=11.094 and 10.390， both P<0.05）. The patients with severe liver injury had significantly lower serum levels of Clusterin and S1P than those with mild or moderate liver injury （t=9.825 and 11.418， both P<0.05）. The multivariate regression analysis showed that the degree of liver injury （odds ratio ［OR］=1.260， 95% confidence interval ［CI］： 1.081 — 1.468， P<0.05）， APACHEII score （OR=1.031， 95%CI： 1.019 — 1.044， P<0.05）， SOFA score （OR=1.066， 95%CI： 1.039 — 1.094， P<0.05）， Clusterin （OR=0.899， 95%CI： 0.859 — 0.940， P<0.05）， and S1P （OR=0.824， 95%CI： 0.749 — 0.908， P<0.05） were independent risk factors for the prognosis of patients with sepsis. The ROC curve analysis showed that serum Clusterin and S1P used alone or in combination had an area under the ROC curve of 0.864， 0.861， and 0.949， respectively. Serum Clusterin and S1P were significantly negatively correlated with alanine aminotransferase， total bilirubin， PT， and INR in sepsis patients with acute liver injury （all P<0.05）. ConclusionThe sepsis patients with acute liver injury who died had significant reductions in serum Clusterin and S1P compared with those who survived， and the levels of Clusterin and S1P are closely associated with the degree of liver injury. The combination of Clusterin and S1P has a good value in predicting the prognosis of sepsis patients with acute liver injury and is expected to become a potential marker for predicting the prognosis of sepsis patients with acute liver injury.

Circulating IL-6, clusterin and irisin in obese subjects with different grades of obesity: association with insulin resistance and sexual dimorphism

ABSTRACT Objective: There are discrepancies about the relationship of IL-6, clusterin and irisin with obesity and obesity associated insulin resistance and also about their sexual dimorphism. This study aimed at evaluating the circulating levels of IL-6, clusterin and irisin in obese subjects of both sexes who had different grades of obesity and examining their sexual dimorphism and their association with insulin resistance. Subjects and methods: This study included 176 non-diabetic subjects of both sexes who were classified according to their sex into two groups; the male and the female groups. The male group (88 men) was classified according to BMI into; group 1 (22 lean men), group 2 (22 class I obese men), group 3 (22 class II obese men) and group 4 (22 class III obese men). The female group (88 women) was classified according to BMI exactly as the male group. Metabolic parameters, IL-6, clusterin, and irisin levels were measured. Data were analyzed by ANOVA test, post hoc Tukey's test and independent t-test. Pearson correlation was used to assess the association between variables. Results: In obese subjects of both sexes, circulating IL-6, clusterin and irisin levels were significantly elevated and positively correlated with HOMA-IR. Obese males showed significantly higher HOMA-IR, IL-6, clusterin and irisin levels than obese females. Conclusion: Obesity in both sexes, especially in males was associated with high levels of IL-6, clusterin and irisin and worsened the metabolic pattern. Circulating IL-6, clusterin and irisin may represent possible therapeutic targets for insulin resistance in obese subjects.

Relationship between Clusterin Gene Expression and In-vitro Sperm Characteristics in Caprine Semen

The present experiment was undertaken to study the relationship between clusterin (CLU) gene expression and in vitro sperm characteristics in buck semen. Fresh semen samples were collected from 12 bucks maintained in the organized goat farms by artificial vagina. Normalization of initial concentration of spermatozoa was carried out in all buck semen samples before proceeding for RNA isolation. So, initial concentration of each sample was made equal. The spermatozoa were isolated from buck semen samples by swim- up protocol using sperm TALP. Total RNA from the buck spermatozoa were extracted and first strand cDNA was synthesized from 1μg total RNA by using commercial kits. Absolute quantification of CLU gene transcripts in semen samples from 12 bulls was performed by plotting standard curve. Variations in levels of CLU gene transcripts (2500-22546000 copies) were found among 12 different buck semen samples. In vitro sperm characteristics were also studied from 12 buck semen samples. Variations in sperm characteristics such as sperm motility (60.0 - 80.0%), sperm viability (72.0 - 93.0%), sperm morphology (73.0 - 91.0%), plasma membrane integrity (50.0 - 82.0%), acrosome integrity (81.0 - 93.0%), DNA integrity (82.0 - 93.0%) and MMP (46.0 - 74.0%) were found among buck semen samples. All in vitro sperm characteristics were highly (negatively) correlated (p<0.01) with expression levels of CLU gene transcripts in spermatozoa. From this study, it is evident that ejaculated buck semen has variations in transcription pattern of CLU gene in spermatozoa among bucks and expression levels of CLU transcripts have negative correlation with in vitro sperm characteristics in buck semen samples.

Distinct Ultradian Rhythms in Plasma Clusterin Concentrations in Lean and Obese Korean Subjects

BACKGROUND: Blood levels of many hormones show rhythmic fluctuations with variable duration of cycles. Clusterin/apolipoprotein J is a glycoprotein which is highly expressed in the plasma and has modulatory roles in immune and inflammatory reactions, neurobiology, lipid metabolism, and leptin signaling. In this study, we examined the diurnal fluctuations of plasma clusterin concentrations in lean and obese young men. METHODS: For the study, 14 subjects (five lean and five obese men; two lean and two obese women) were admitted to the research ward and blood samples were drawn every 30 minutes during light-on period (6:00 AM to 10:00 PM) and every hour during light-off period. RESULTS: Notably, plasma clusterin concentrations displayed a unique ultradian rhythm with five cycles a day in both men and women. During the light-on period, circulating clusterin levels showed fluctuating curves with 4 hours regular intervals with sharp peaks and troughs. In contrast, single oscillation curve during light-off exhibited a smoothened/lower peak and longer (8-hour) duration. In obese men, these cycles were phase-advanced by approximately 1 hour, and had reduced amplitude of fluctuating curves and blunted diurnal pattern. Cyclic fluctuations of plasma clusterin were preserved under fasting and unexpected meal condition, suggesting that rhythmic oscillations in plasma clusterin levels are not generated by meal-related cues. CONCLUSION: These findings firstly demonstrate a novel pattern of plasma clusterin fluctuations with extremely regular cycles.

Clusterin Induces MUC5AC Expression via Activation of NF-κB in Human Airway Epithelial Cells

OBJECTIVES: Clusterin (CLU) is known as apolipoprotein J, and has three isoforms with different biological functions. CLU is associated with various diseases such as Alzheimer disease, atherosclerosis, and some malignancies. Recent studies report an association of CLU with inflammation and immune response in inflammatory airway diseases. However, the effect of CLU on mucin secretion of airway epithelial cells has not yet been understood. Therefore, the effect and brief signaling pathway of CLU on MUC5AC (as a major secreted mucin) expression were investigated in human airway epithelial cells. METHODS: In the tissues of nasal polyp and normal inferior turbinate, the presence of MUC5AC and CLU was investigated using immunohistochemical stain and Western blot analysis. In mucin-producing human NCI-H292 airway epithelial cells and primary cultures of normal nasal epithelial cells, the effect and nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB) signaling pathway of CLU on MUC5AC expression were investigated using immunohistochemical stain, reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction, real-time polymerase chain reaction, enzyme immunoassay, and Western blot analysis. RESULTS: In the nasal polyps, MUC5AC and CLU were abundantly present in the epithelium on immunohistochemical stain, and nuclear CLU (nCLU) was strongly detected on Western blot analysis. In human NCI-H292 airway epithelial cells or the primary cultures of normal nasal epithelial cells, recombinant nCLU increased MUC5AC expression, and significantly activated phosphorylation of NF-κB. And BAY 11-7085 (a specific NF-κB inhibitor) and knockdown of NF-κB by NF-κB siRNA (small interfering RNA) significantly attenuated recombinant nCLU-induced MUC5AC expression. CONCLUSION: These results suggest that nCLU induces MUC5AC expression via the activation of NF-κB signaling pathway in human airway epithelial cells.

Correlation between clusterin expression and recurrence of calcium oxalate kidney stone / 第二军医大学学报

Objective To investigate the risk factors influencing the recurrence of calcium oxalate kidney stone. Methods The clinical data of patients with calcium oxalate kidney stone were collected; they were hospitalized in Changhai Hospital, Navy Medical University (Second Military Medical University) from Sep. 2015 to Dec. 2015. The patients were divided into the first-time calcium oxalate stone group (first-time group) and the recurrent of calcium oxalate stone group (recurrent group) according to the stone histories. The concentrations of clusterin in serum and urine, and the concentrations of serum interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-2 and IL-6 in the two groups were detected by ELISA. The independent risk factors influencing the recurrence of calcium oxalate kidney stones were analyzed by univariate and multivariate logistic regression analysis. Results Thirty-six patients were included in each group. Univariate analysis showed that there were no significant differences in age, gender, body mass index (BMI), estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), maximum stone diameter or the concentrations of serum clusterin, IL-1β, IL-2 and IL-6 between the two groups (all P0.05). The concentration of urinary clusterin in the recurrent group was significantly lower than that in the first-time group ([44.35±15.44] ng/mL vs [56.76±16.80] ng/mL, t=–3.262, P0.05). Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that urinary clusterin concentration (OR=0.939, 95% CI 0.900-0.979, P0.05) was an independent risk factor influencing the recurrent of calcium oxalate kidney stone. Conclusion The concentration of urinary clusterin is decreased in patients with recurrence of calcium oxalate stone compared the first-time stone patients, suggesting that the clusterin in urine may be closely related to the recurrence of stones.

The effects of secretory clusterin on oxidative damage in MIA PaCa-2 cells treated by gemcitabine and preliminary mechanism of resistance to gemcitabine / 中国癌症杂志

Background and purpose: Gemcitabine (GEM) is a first-line chemotherapy drug for pancreatic cancer. With the emergence of clinical drug resistance, the efficacy of chemotherapy has been greatly reduced, while the expression of secretory clusterin (sCLU) was closely related to chemotherapy resistance in multiple tumors. This study aimed to explore the effects of secretory clusterin on oxidative damage in MIA PaCa-2 cells treated by GEM and preliminary mechanism of resistance to GEM. Methods: MIA PaCa-2 was exposed to GEM and sCLU intervened groups with different concentrations (0, 0.63, 1.25, 2.50, 5.00 and 10.0 μg/mL) for 24 hours. The intervened concentration of GEM was 5.4 μmol/L. The inhibition rates of cell proliferation were determined by CCK-8. Cell reactive oxygen species (ROS) was measured by dichloro-dihydro-fluorescein diacetate (DCFH-DA) method. Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and catalase (CAT) activity were measured by their corresponding assay kits respectively. Results: Compared with the negative control group (0 μg/mL), the inhibition rates of the GEM groups and sCLU intervened groups were significantly increased (P＜0.05) in a distinct dose-effect manner. At a low concentration of 0.63 μg/mL, the inhibition rates of the GEM groups were higher than those of the sCLU intervened groups, while the trend was reversed in high concentration range. Compared with the negative control group (0 μg/mL), the intracellular ROS levels, SOD and CAT activity of the GEM and sCLU intervened groups significantly increased (P＜0.05). ROS levels presented a distinct dose-effect relationship while the SOD and CAT activities increased first and then decreased along with the increase of GEM concentrations. The ROS levels of the GEM group were lower than those of the sCLU intervened group at the same dose (P＜0.05). The SOD activities of the GEM group were higher than those of the sCLU intervened group, while the CAT activities were opposite at the concentrations of 5.00 and 10.00 μg/mL (P＜0.05). Conclusion: GEM exposure can inhibit the growth of MIA PaCa-2 cells. After GEM exposure, the ROS levels, SOD and CAT activity of MIA PaCa-2 cells can be changed by sCLU intervention. GEM resistance could be regulated by sCLU through oxidative damage effect.

Relationship between multifunctional protein "clusterin" and Alzheimer's disease / 中华神经科杂志

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disease of the central nervous system that starts slowly and progressively leads to cognitive impairment.Clusterin,as an apolipoprotein,is usually widely expressed in mammalian brain tissue.In previous studies,below theories have been demonstrated:clusterin influences the aggregation,clearance and neurotoxicity of β-amyloid;compared to healthy people,AD patients show higher clusterin level in plasma and cerebrospinal fluid;the polymorphisms of clusterin gene encoding clusterin can enhance the incidence risk of AD.In addition,regulating the expression of clusterin in AD animals model has certain therapeutic effect on AD.Further investigating intrinsic relationship between clusterin and AD will help clarify the pathogenesis and establish a new therapeutic target of AD thus contributing to the prevention of Alzheimer's disease.

Expressions of Clusterin and E-cadherin in cervical squamous carcinoma and their correlation / 西安交通大学学报(医学版)

Objective To explore the expressions of clusterin and E-cadherin in cervical squamous tissues and their correlation.Methods Immunohistochemical technique was used to measure the expressions of clusterin and E-cadherin in 18 normal cervical tissues,32 cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN)tissues and 40 cervical squamous carcinoma (CSC)tissues.Results There were on significant differences in baseline characteristics among the three groups based on standardized differences.The expressions of clusterin in CSC,CIN2 and CIN3 tissues were significantly higher than those in normal cervical tissues (P <0.05 ).The expression of clusterin was significantly lower in grade Ⅰ than in grade Ⅲ (P <0.01)and was connected with clinical stage (P <0.05 )instead of lymph node metastasis and cancer stromal invasion depth (P > 0.05 ).The expressions of E-cadherin in tissues of CSC, CIN2 and CIN3 were significantly lower than those in normal cervical tissues (P <0.05).E-cadherin expression was both significantly higher in grade Ⅰ and grade Ⅱ than in grade Ⅲ (P <0.05),and was associated with lymph node metastasis (P < 0.05 )rather than clinical stage and cancer stromal invasion depth (P > 0.05 ).A negative correlation was found between the expressions of clusterin and E-cadherin in CSC (r = - 0.339,P < 0.05 ). Conclusion The significantly different expressions of clusterin and E-cadherin may be related to the development of CSC,suggesting that the two may be used as potential markers for early diagnosis of CSC.

Expressions of Clusterin and E-cadherin in cervical squamous carcinoma and their correlation / 西安交通大学学报(医学版)

Objective To explore the expressions of clusterin and E-cadherin in cervical squamous tissues and their correlation.Methods Immunohistochemical technique was used to measure the expressions of clusterin and E-cadherin in 18 normal cervical tissues,32 cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN)tissues and 40 cervical squamous carcinoma (CSC)tissues.Results There were on significant differences in baseline characteristics among the three groups based on standardized differences.The expressions of clusterin in CSC,CIN2 and CIN3 tissues were significantly higher than those in normal cervical tissues (P <0.05 ).The expression of clusterin was significantly lower in grade Ⅰ than in grade Ⅲ (P <0.01)and was connected with clinical stage (P <0.05 )instead of lymph node metastasis and cancer stromal invasion depth (P > 0.05 ).The expressions of E-cadherin in tissues of CSC, CIN2 and CIN3 were significantly lower than those in normal cervical tissues (P <0.05).E-cadherin expression was both significantly higher in grade Ⅰ and grade Ⅱ than in grade Ⅲ (P <0.05),and was associated with lymph node metastasis (P < 0.05 )rather than clinical stage and cancer stromal invasion depth (P > 0.05 ).A negative correlation was found between the expressions of clusterin and E-cadherin in CSC (r = - 0.339,P < 0.05 ). Conclusion The significantly different expressions of clusterin and E-cadherin may be related to the development of CSC,suggesting that the two may be used as potential markers for early diagnosis of CSC.

Expression of clusterin in colorectal carcinoma in relation to clinicopathological criteria

Background/Aim: Colorectal carcinoma (CRC) carries a high incidence of morbidity and mortality.Prognosis is related to nodal metastasis and stage. Clusterin is a widely distributed glycoproteinwith not yet fully understood functions. Clusterin may be overexpressed in some tumours or underexpressed in other tumours. The aim behind this study is to examine the relation of clusterincytoplasmic immunostaining to tumour characteristics, disease relapse, and survival in CRC. Materialsand Methods: Paraffin blocks of 133 CRCs were retrieved from the Department of Pathology,King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. Immunostaining was done using antibody toclusterin. Staining expression in 10% of malignant cells was used as a cut-off to determine lowimmunostaining and high immunostaining. Statistical tests were used to evaluate the association ofclusterin immunostaining with clinicopathological parameters. Results: Immunohistochemical resultsshowed clusterin low immunostaining in CRC and nodal metastases. No association was foundbetween clusterin immunostaining and tumour grade, age, tumour invasiveness, distant metastases,vascular invasion, nodal metastases, relapse, and survival. Conclusion: Our study showed low clusterinimmunostaining in CRC with lack of association with prognostic indicators in CRC. These resultsraise the controversy of understanding the role of clusterin in CRC. Further molecular studies arerequired to explore more about possible mechanisms of clusterin association with tumorigenicity,apoptosis, tumour growth progression, local and vascular invasion, and metastasis of CRC.

Expression and clinical significance of clusterin in acute cerebral infarction / 重庆医学

Objective To investigate the expression and clinical significance of clusterin (CLU ) in acute cerebral infarction (ACI) .Methods A total of 154 inpatients with ACI within 48 h of the first onset in the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang Uni‐versity from May to December 2013 served as the ACI group and divided into subgroups according to the neural function defection degree and whether having plaque .Contemporaneous 45 individuals undergoing the healthy physical examination were selected as the control group .The serum CLU and complement C3 levels were detected .The National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIH‐SS) and Barthel index scores were conducted ,the rehabilitation course and outcome until 90 d after onset were followed up ,and the comparative analysis on serum CLU level was performed .Results The serum CLU and complement C3 levels in the ACI group were significantly higher than those in the control group ,the differences were statistically significant (P0 .05) ,the serum CLU level had statistically significant differences among other prognosis types of the patients groups (P<0 .01 or P<0 .05) .The lower the serum CLU level ,the rehabilitation the better .Conclusion CLU play a role by regulating the complement system after cerebral infarction occurrence ,serum CLU level is correlated with carotid arterial plaque ,neurological function defection degree and prognosis in ACI patients ,which can serve as one of biochemical indicators for evaluating the disease condition and guiding prognosis in ACI patients .

Association study of clusterin polymorphism rs11136000 with late-onset Alzheimer's disease in Bai population / 中华行为医学与脑科学杂志

Objective To explore the association between clusterin(CLU) gene rs11136000 poly-morphism and late-onset Alzheimer's disease ( LOAD) in Bai population from Dali Bai Autonomous Prefec-ture of Yunnan Province.Methods A case-control study including 109 LOAD patients and 120 normal con-trols matched for age,sex and level of education was taken in Dali Bai population.Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) site testing were used to detect genotype and allele fre-quency of CLU SNP rs11136000.SPSS 17.0 was applied to analyze the data.Result ①The different fre-quency ( C:65.60%,T:34.40%,CC:38.53%,CT:54.13%,TT:7.34%) of CLU SNP rs11136000 genotypes and alleles distribution in Bai between LOAD patients and healthy controls showed no statistical significance (χ2=1.529, P=0.216;χ2=2.805, P=0.246) .②The serum total cholesterol ( TC) of LOAD patients was significantly higher than that in that of control group( t=2.508, P=0.013) .Conclusion The results suggest that CLU rs11136000 polymorphism may not be the susceptible gene of LOAD,and high serum total choles-terol is more common in LOAD patients.

Protein levels and its clinical significance of septin-9 and clusterin in peripheral blood of epithelial ovarian cancer patients / 中华妇产科杂志

Objective To evaluate septin-9 and clusterin protein levels in the peripheral blood samples from epithelial ovarian cancer patients, and explore its clinical significance. Methods Clinical data of 200 patients in Cancer Hospital,Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences from Jan. 29, 2008 to Feb. 1,2010 were collected. The peripheral blood samples were obtained from 137 epithelial ovarian cancer patients, 12 borderline ovarian tumor patients, 10 benign ovarian tumor patients, 41 benign pelvic lesion patients and 58 healthy women. The septin-9 and clusterin protein levels in the plasma were measured by double antibody sandwich ELISA or ELISA. The clinical significance of clusterin and septin-9 in plasma was analyzed. The diagnostic efficacy of septin-9 and clusterin protein in the detection of ovarian cancer was evaluated by the area under the curve (AUC) of the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve. Results Double antibody sandwich ELISA showed: the mean levels of plasma septin-9 in epithelial ovarian cancer patients or benign pelvic lesion patients were significantly higher than that in healthy women detedted by double antibody sandwich ELISA (P0.05). ELISA showed: the mean level of plasma clusterin in epithelial ovarian cancer patients was significantly higher than that in healthy women deteded by ELISA (P=0.021). The expression level of clusterin protein in peripheral blood of ovarian cancer patients was not related to the above clinical pathological parameters (all P>0.05). To distinguish between ovarian cancer patients and healthy women by septin-9 protein expression level in plasma, when AUC was 0.712 and cut off was 0.28, the sensitivity of detection ovarian cancer by septin-9 protein expression was 82.5%, and the specificity was 50.0%. To distinguish between ovarian cancer patients and healthy women by clusterin protein expression level in plasma, when AUC was 0.636 and cut off was 87.96 pg/L, the sensitivity of detection ovarian cancer by clusterin protein expression was 71.5%, and the specificity was 41.4%. Conclusions The expression of septin-9 and clusterin protein in peripheral blood of ovarian cancer patients is increased, especially the expression level of septin-9 protein with related to the distant metastasis. The study results shown that the detection of septin-9 and clusterin in plasma has a certain diagnosis value in ovarian cancer, which may be a potential markers for ovarian cancer.

Structural features and function of clusterin and its role in progression of hepatocellular carcinoma / 临床肝胆病杂志

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC)is one of the most common malignant tumors in China,with a very complex mechanism of de-velopment and progression.Clusterin (CLU)has been confirmed to play an important role in the development and progression of HCC.This paper reviews the molecular structure and biological function of CLU and its value for early diagnosis of HCC and analyzes its association with multi -drug resistance in chemotherapy and the prospect of targeted therapy.CLU holds promise as a new molecular marker of HCC and the therapeutic target.

Comparison of diagnostic values of Clusterin, CXCL13, Podoplanin, CD21 and CD35 in foll-cular dendritic cell sarcoma / 临床与实验病理学杂志

Purpose To evaluate the diagnostic values of Clusterin, CXCL13, Podoplanin (D2-40), CD21 and CD35 in follcular den-dritic cell sarcoma. Methods The expression levels of 10 cases of follcular dendritic cell sarcoma ( FDCS) and 12 types of FDCS mimics (83 cases in total) were investigated by immunohistochemical methods, the latter including solitary fibrous tumor, leiomyosar-coma, gastrointestinal stromal tumor and others. The diagnostic validities of the five biomarkers were compared. Results ( 1 ) The positive rates of Clusterin, CXCL13, D2-40, CD21 and CD35 in the FDCS group were 100%, 70%, 60%, 90% and 80%, respec-tively, the corresponding rates in the control group were 30%, 4%, 11%, 2% and 0 in turn. (2) The five biomarkers could be cate-gorized into 3 groups, according to their diagnostic values in FDCS. The first group included CD21 and CD35, which had much higher sensitivities (90%, 80%), specificities (100%, 98%) and accuracies (98%, 96%), compared with the other biomarkers. The second group included CXCL13 and D2-40, which had a relatively lower sensitivities (70%, 60%), specificities (96%, 89%) and accuracies (94%, 86%), compared with CD21 and CD35. The third group included Clusterin, which had the highest sensitivity (100%), while the specificity (70%)and accuracy (73%) were inferior to the first and second groups. (3) The diagnostic values of CD21 and CD35 combination were 100%, 98%, 98%, 83% and 100%, respectively. Conclusions (1) CD21 and CD35 are the most valuable biomarkers for FDCS. The combined diagnostic effect of the two markers is generally superior to that of single marker. (2) Clusterin has the highest sensitivity for FDCS. However, the frequent expression in FDCS mimickers restricts its diagnostic values for FDCS. (3) CXCL13 and D2-40 may be used as a marker for FDCS, but are not recommended as the first selection based on their diagnostic performance. (4) On the reasons that FDCS mimickers may not uncommonly express Clusterin and D2-40, and rarely show positivity for CD21 or CXCL13, more attention should be paid to the phenomenon to avoid misdiagnosis.

Expression of cortex clusterin and intervention effect of ketogenic diet on neonatal rats with recurrent seizures / 中华实用儿科临床杂志

Objective To investigate dynamic expressions of cortex clusterin (CLU) and intervention effect of ketogenic diet (KD) on neonatal rats with recurrent seizures.Methods Thirty-six-8-day postnatal SD rats were randomly divided into 3 groups:normal control group (NS + ND group,n =12),and the recurrent-seizure and normal diet group (RS + ND group,n =12),and the recurrent-seizure and KD group (RS + KD group,n =12).From 9 d,rats in RS + ND group and RS + KD group were subjected to recurrent seizures induced by volatile flurothyl 30 min each day for consecutive 8 days.Rats in NS + ND group were placed into the container for an equal amount of time to their counterpart without exposure to flurothyl.Scores on neurological behaviors at 35 days postnatally were examined.CLU protein levels in cerebral cortex were determined by Western blot at 58 days postnatally.Results Neurodevelopmental indicators analysis:in the plane righting experiment,there were significant differences between NS + ND group [(1.03 ± 0.54) s],R S + KD group [(0.89 ± 0.16) s] and RS + ND group [(0.64 ± 0.30) s] about the time of plane righting (all P ＜ 0.05) ; in the negative geotaxis reaction experiment,the rats of NS + ND group [(1.92 ± 0.90) s],and RS + KD group [(5.17 ± 0.72) s] about the time of negative geotaxis reaction were significantly different compared with RS + ND gouup [(7.33 ± 0.65) s] (all P ＜ 0.01).In the cliff avoidance test,there were significant differences between NS + ND group,R S + KD group [(4.33 ± 2.54) s,(8.75 ± 2.26) s] and R S + ND group [(16.58 ± 4.25) s] about the time of cliff avoidance (all P ＜ 0.01).Western blot showed that the expression of CLU in cerebral cortex of the RS + ND group [(2.24 ± 0.53) s] was obviously increased compared with NS + ND group [(1.44 ± 0.11) s] (P ＜0.01),and there also had significant difference between RS + KD group [(1.56 ±0.24) s] and RS + ND group (P ＜ 0.05).Conclusions It shows that the up-regulated expression of CLU in cerebral cortex may be associated with recurrent neonatal seizure-induced brain damage,while KD may protect them from recurrent neonatal seizure-induced brain damage by down-regulating expression of CLU.

Expression pattern of secretory clusterin in pulmonary arterial hypertension rats / 中国药理学通报

Aim To investigate the expression pattern of secretory clusterin ( sCLU) in lung tissues and plas-ma of rats with pulmonary arterial hypertension ( PAH) induced by monocrotaline ( MCT ) . Methods Thirty male SD rats were randomly divided into control group ( n=6 ) and MCT group ( n=24 ) , and were intraper-itoneally injected 60 mg·kg-1 MCT for MCT group or equal volume normal saline for control group. Real time PCR and Western blot were performed to investi-gate the expression pattern of sCLU mRNA and protein in rat lungs 1 ( n=6 ) , 2 ( n=6 ) , 3 ( n=6 ) and 4 (n=6) weeks after MCT injection, respectively. Im-munohitochemistry was performed to determine the lo-calization of sCLU in rat lungs. Enzyme linked immu-nosorbent assay was performed to detect the concentra-tion of sCLU in rat plasma. Results Expression of sCLU mRNA and protein elevated significantly in time-dependent manners in rat lungs of MCT group, and sCLU mainly localized in the cytoplasma and extracel-lular matrix of cells in pulmonary arterioles. Further-more, sCLU plasma levels were significantly elevated with the progression of PAH and had positive correla-tions with pulmonary hemodynamic indices and right ventricular hypertrophic index. Conclusion sCLU was significantly elevated in MCT induced PAH rat lungs and plasma, and it may participate in the pulmo-nary vascular remodeling process. Moreover, plasma sCLU may be a potential biomarker for PAH.

The expression of clusterin and P-glycoprotein in hepatic cell carcinoma and its relationship / 中国医师进修杂志

Objective To study the expression of clusterin (CLU) and P-glycoprotein (P-gp) in hepatic cell carcinoma (HCC) and its relationship.Methods The expression of CLU gene in the tissue of H CC (41 cases),cirrhosis(10 cases) and normal liver (10 cases) and the expression of P-gp in the tissue of HCC were detected by immunohistochemical method.Results The positive expression rate of CLU was 82.93％(34/41) in HCC,and negative or weak positive were detected in cirrhosis and normal liver tissue.The positive expression rate of CLU was significantly correlated with Edmondson's histological grade (P ＜ 0.05),but had no correlation with patients' age,sex and cirrhosis (P ＞ 0.05).The positive expression rate of P-gp in HCC was 70.73％(29/41).There was significant correlation between the expression of CLU and P-gp (P ＜ 0.05).Conclusions The over expression of CLU is significantly associated with clinical multidrug resistance in HCC.It should be a potential target for treatment of HCC.